Media Formulation

specialty formulation is an essential stage in the design of hullabaloo process. Most fermentation media require fluent media, although some solid-substrate fermentations are similarly operated. Fermentation media must satisfy altogether the nutritional requirements of the microorganisms and fulfill the practiced objectives of the process. There are several stages where media are required in a fermentation process inoculum (starter culture), propagation steps, pilot-scale fermentations and the main harvest-timeion fermentations.According to Cruger W and Cruger A (1990) on a large scale, the sources of nutrients should be selected to work a medium which should meet as many as many viable of the following criteria i. It should acquire the maximum yield of intersection or biomass per gm of substrate employ. ii. It should produce maximum preoccupancy of mathematical product or biomass. iii. It should permit the maximum rate of product formation. iv. There should be the mini mum yield of unsought products. v. It should be of a consistent quality and be readily available throughout the year. vi.It should cause marginal problems during media preparation and sterilization. vii. It should cause minimal problems in other aspects of the production process particularly aeration and agitation, extraction, purification and spoil treatment. The initial step in media for media formulation is the examination of the overall process on the stoichiometery for growth and product formation. The optimisation of a medium should be carried out such that it meets as many as possible of the seven criteria. Different combinations and sequences of process conditions have to be investigated to determine growth conditions (Stanbury P.F and Whitaker A 1995). Medium optimization groundwork be carried by the classical method, in which one independent variable is changed objet dart memory all others at a certain(a) level. An aerobic fermentation process may be equal as Carb on and energy source + Nitrogen source + O2 + other requirements Biomass + products + CO2 + H2O + foment This primarily involves consideration of the input of the carbon and northward sources, minerals and oxygen and their conversion to carrell biomass, metabolic products.Based on this information, it should be possible to calculate the minimum quantities of each element required to produce a certain quantity of biomass and metabolite According to Prasanthi V et al (2008) Chlorella vulgaris is a green, spherical, single celled fresh water microalga belongs to the phylum Chlorophyta. As per the athletic field conducted so far it is found that green algae are the highest source of chlorophyl in the sow world and particularly, Chlorella one of the members of green algae is the richest source of chlorophyll which is widely used as a health food and feed supplement.The aim of this work is to design different medium types to evaluate optimization combinations for maximum growth, morp hology and pigment content of C. vulgaris. Effect of glucose Three different volumes of glucose from apple juice while other variables are kept constant. The volumes that were used are 5g/l, 15g/l and 30g/l. The highest chlorophyll production (12%) was obtained with a glucose soaking up of 15g/l. Glucose is used as a carbon source which is required for all biosynthesis leading to reproduction, product formation and cell maintenance. It also serves as the energy source.Carbon requirements may be determined from the biomass yield coefficient (Y), an world power of the efficiency of conversion of a substrate into the cellular material Ycarbon (g/g) = biomass produced (g) __________________ Glucose substrate utilized (g) An increase in glucose concentration of 30g/l resulted in the production of chlorophyll being at a constant this is because all the active sites of the microorganism are occupied and active carrying out biochemical reactions. At low glucose concentration of 5g/l very short(p) biomass (chlorophyll) is obtained and also there is low growth rate.Thus, glucose concentration significantly influences chlorophyll production and microbial growth of the microorganism. Constraints that can be generated include the fact that apple juice non only contains one type of sugar, glucose but also contains other sugars (fructose and sucrose) which the microorganism can either use for growth resulting in us not obtaining accurate optimization results and also the other sugars can control the growth of the microorganism. Apple juice also contains soluble pectin these can be difficult to digest accordingly a reduction in biomass.Effect of nitrogen from defatted soya Nitrogen being important constituent of the cell protein was needed for algal growth, either in combined or in molecular form. It is also a component of proteins nucleic acids some co-enzymes. Industrially important microorganisms can utilize both inorganic and organic nitrogen sources. Inorganic nit rogen may be supplied as ammonium seasons, often ammonium sulphate and diammonium hydrogen phosphate, or ammonia these can be used in place of defatted soya. Ammonia can also be used to adjust the pH of the fermentation.As nitrogen deficiency develops the amount of chlorophyll in the cells decreases meteoric than the nitrogen content in C. vulgaris. Nitrogen is a close factor if continually increased it can inhibit the production of chlorophyll. Varying concentrations of nitrogen were used i. e 0. 3g/l, 0,6g/l and 2. 0g/l. At 0. 3g/l little chlorophyll is obtained this is due to the fact that nitrogen being a macronutrient it is required in high concentration. At 0. 6g/l high yields of chlorophyll are obtained and at 2. 0g/l nitrogen turns to be a limiting factor and can lead to culture toxicity.Constraints can be generated when using Ammonia as a substitute for defatted soya this is due to the fact that ammonia leads to high pH which results in a effect formation in the medium but lower pH of the medium prevent the precipitation. Foaming in a microbiological process is due to media proteins that become attached to the air-broth interface where they denature to form stable scintillate. Non-treatment of foam may block air filters, resulting in loss of aseptic conditions. The foam production can be controlled by addition of chemical antifoam. Natural antifoams include plant oils (e. g.Soya, sunflower and rapeseed), hence defatted soya is used as a nitrogen source rather than ammonia. Also high concentrations of ammonium ions can be toxic to cells of the microbe. Effect of Mg2+ MgSO4 can be used as the source of magnesium. It promotes the maximum growth of the lay out alga and it is also incorporated as an enzyme co-factor component of chlorophyll. Three salt concentrations were used 0. 1g/l 0. 5g/l and 1g/l. At low salt concentration of 0. 1g/l it results in a magnesium deficiency which break cell division in Chlorella which results in abnormally large c ell formation. Increase in salt concentration of 0. g/l and 1g/l of magnesium alone in the medium resulted in high cell number, although increase in nitrogen alone did not make much difference that center cells need magnesium to synthesize chlorophyll. The process of multiplication requires a larger concentration of magnesium in the medium than does the production of cell material. Iron uptake is strictly required to optimize the process. References 1). Crueger W and Crueger A. 1990. A Textbook of Industrial Microbiology. Oxford. Panima Publishing Corporation. 2). Stansbury P. F and Whitaker A . 1995. Principles of fermentation technology. New York. Pergamon Press. 3).Prasanthi V, Yugandhar M. N, Vuddaraju S. P, Nalla K. K, Raju C. A. I and Donthireddy S. R. R. optimization of the fermentation media using statistical approach and artificial neural networks for the production of chlorophyll by Chlorella vulgaris. International journal of Natural and Engineering Sciences. 2008. 2 (3 ) 51-56 CHINHOYI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY NAME Ngara Tanyaradzwa R REG NUMBER C1110934J COURSE Process Optimization and Production COURSE CODE CUBT 208 PROGRAM BSBIO Level 22 Assignment 1 referee Dr Zvidzai